For the purposes of the debate, the 'medicalisation of neurodivergence' refers to the increasing dependence on medical criteria for neurodivergent disorders, e.g. emphasis on formal diagnoses, categorisation of behaviours previously thought of as normal as 'symptoms', and reliance on medication as treatment. 

Cultural relativism refers to assessing the moral value of an act relative to the norms and standards of its own culture. 

Cultural relativism is often used in defense of practices seen as immoral or reprehensible by outsiders, e.g. arranged marriages are morally acceptable in some South Asian countries due to its historical and cultural significance, but is frowned upon elsewhere.

A central bank digital currency (CBDC) is a form of digital currency issued by a country's central bank. It is similar to cryptocurrencies, except that its value is fixed by the central bank and is equivalent to the country's fiat currency. Many countries are developing CBDCs, which can be used for both wholesale and retail purposes. An increase in the use of a CBDC comes at the direct tradeoff to the use of the country's physical cash.

A niche bank has a specific customer base, to whom it offers bespoke financial products and services that meet a highly specific financial and emotional need. It only serves the needs of a certain demographic segment of the population, and tailor their entire advertising, product mix, and operations to this target market's preferences.

Consensus media refers to news organisations that were consumed on mass within communities - ie the 6 o’clock news on national television being consumed by a large majority of the population, there being a few “go to newspapers” and “traditional news platforms” being the main source of information for the majority of people.

In contrast, diverse media refers to a norm where diverse sources and forms of media exist, and individuals often have differing primary preferences in media consumption.

Universal salvation (universalism) is the belief that every individual, regardless of faith or morality, is eventually saved when they die and will go to heaven. Universalists therefore believe "hell is empty."

In just war theory, the act of going to war must follow a just cause, e.g., to preserve peace or correct a violation of basic human rights.

For the purposes of the debate, ‘assisted endurance art’ refers to artistic performances whereby the artist invites members of the public to inflict harm upon them. 

Examples include Abel Azcona's ‘The Death of The Artist’ (Azcona stood exposed on a raised platform with a loaded gun, in response to multiple death threats he received following previous works) and Marina Abramovic's ‘Rhythm 0’ (over the course of 6 hours, Abramovic invited the public to do anything to her using any of the 72 objects laid out).

A citizens' assembly is a group of people representative of the voting population, typically between 50-200 people, selected to deliberate on important public questions decided by the Government and provide binding recommendations on public policy. 

It is formed ad hoc by the government and is provided with time, resources, and a broad range of viewpoints to learn about the issue. 

Typically, invitations to join the assembly are random, but devised enough such that sufficient diversity is achieved. For example, Ireland convened a 100-person assembly to deliberate a constitutional amendment to legalise abortion.

The Gacaca courts were a form of community-based courts that were implemented in Rwanda after the 1994 genocide to try individuals accused of committing war crimes. 

Victims may give speeches about their experiences and ask questions to the accused. The accused were encouraged to take responsibility for their actions and offer apologies before the community would decide the punishment. Gacaca courts were traditionally led by prominent members of the affected communities who usually do not have legal backgrounds. 

For the purposes of the debate, the Gacaca courts will not substitute formal tribunals for high-ranking militia. 

The dirtbag left is a style of left-wing political media that is often associated with online media and personalities. It abandons civility to convey a populist, anti-establishment and anti-capitalist message using vulgarity, irony, self-deprecation, and humour. 

Examples include: podcasts Chapo Trap House and Red Scare; the publications The Baffler and Current Affairs; and internet streamers like Hasan Piker and Vaush. 

In Catholicism, liberation theology interprets Christian teachings through the lens of social justice, with a strong focus on the liberation of the poor and oppressed. It views structural inequality as a form of sin. The late Pope Francis was an avid proponent of liberation theology, in particular through his critiques of capitalism, support of refugees and migrants, and outreach to social movements worldwide.

In contrast, traditional Catholic orthodoxy refers to the mainstream, long-established interpretation of Catholic doctrine and theology. It emphasises individual spiritual salvation from sin, obedience to Church hierarchy, and moral conduct over interactions with worldly affairs. 

Buddhist tradition teaches that suffering arises from attachment or dependence to worldly things, views, rites, and the self. Buddhists believe that by following these teachings, they may eventually achieve the spiritual goal of nirvana, an enlightenment which extinguishes their passions and attachments. There is a school of thought that believes that delaying nirvana to help other beings escape from suffering is a noble goal. 

You are a high-ranking member of a global organised religion with significant resources and followers. By divine revelation, you have discovered that God is real, and that His real will and intent - albeit benevolent - is one that significantly deviates from the teachings of your organised religion. You cannot demonstrate that this revelation is objectively true to anyone else, although you may still attempt to convince them of it.

(i) While Malaysia's Dual Language Programme (DLP) currently allows some subjects in public secondary school to be taught in English, it is being phased out in many schools due to the inability of the school to achieve the national average grade for Malay.

(ii) For the purposes of the debate, a stricter protectionist policy for Malay can include, but is not limited to; stronger emphasis on Malay language and literature in the education system, requiring a higher fluency threshold for public education and service, quotas for media and audiovisual productions, legal requirement for foreign services to be available in Malay. 

In Malaysia, the Strata Titles Act (STA) 1985 currently requires unanimous consent of all owners of a building before beginning urban renewal work (e.g. demolishing and rebuilding, upgrading safety features, improving aesthetic value).

In 2025, parliament is tabling the Urban Renewal Act (URA) to replace the STA 1985. Under the new Act, the federal and state governments can carry out urban renewal works without unanimous consent of building owners. The proposed consent thresholds may be as low as 51% of building owners, with thresholds set according to the age and abandonment of the building. If necessary, non-consenting owners can be forced to sell off their property.

In April 2025, Trump implemented a 24% tariff on Malaysian exports to the US. In response, Malaysia has vowed to increase its imports of American goods instead of imposing retaliatory tariffs, and has begun exploring bilaterial trade deals with the US. 

Trump has currently passed a 90-day "tariff pause", set to expire in July, where all affected countries (including Malaysia) except China are hit with a 10% temporary tariff before the full tariffs come into force. 

For the purposes of the debate, newly signed trade deals during the current tariff pause will persist into the future.

For the purposes of the debate, 'queer hypersexuality' refers to excessive sexual behaviors experienced by individuals identifying as LGBTQ+. Examples include frequent sexual encounters with other members of the community, the popularity of sexual events, or self-sexualisation.

The right to be forgotten is the right to have data about a person be removed from Internet searches and other directories. It is distinct from the right to privacy, which constitutes information that is not known publicly, whereas the right to be forgotten involves revoking public access to information that was known publicly at a certain time.

For the purposes of the debate, "the use of creative liberty" refers to the manipulation of factual accuracy in the retelling of a true event for the purposes of dramatic effect. These may include dramatisations of actual events (e.g. the dramatisation of the legal battle between Mark Zuckerberg and Eduardo Saverin in The Social Network) or the addition of outright factual or historical inaccuracies in the story (e.g. the portrayal of Scottish warrior William Wallace and his men wearing kilts in Braveheart, despite the kilt not yet having been invented at the time the film was set).

Retrospective action refers to a disciplinary decision made after a game or event has concluded, but before the end of the sporting season, usually based on video evidence or reports that were not addressed live during the game. It typically involves punishing a player or team for behavior that was missed or not properly penalised by officials during the game. These actions have consequences for the rest of the season.